08职称英语课注释(21-30).doc 73页

21、The art of public Speaking公共演讲的艺术1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does, you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable for every type of communication. Present adj. 现在的，在场的 v. 表；呈现Invaluable adj. 无法估价的, 无价可估的; 非常贵重的1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎必定需要做某种有影响力的公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的。 need for= 需要…；effective= 有效的；public speaking= 公共演讲；almost=几乎； certainly=必定； touch=接触；sometime=某一时刻；life=生活；ready=准备；even if =即使；never=从未；another=另一个；speech=演讲；still=仍然；have to=不得不；gain=获得；public speaking=公共演讲；class=课；training =训练；research=研究； topic=主题；organiz=组织； idea= 思路；present=表现；yourself= 你自己；skillfully=技巧地；invaluable=无价之宝； type=类型；communication=交流 Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully.―――这句话中的organizing 、presenting都是跟随前面的那个in来的，只不过省略了in（在…方面） 2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking. Similarity---similar (be similar with) 熟悉 Inform v. (～ of/about)告诉, 通知; 报告The sales manager asked his men to inform him of everything concerning the sales in time. Employ v. 雇用使 [采、利]用Why didnt you employ the new method? 你们为什么不采用那个新方法呢? T…to.. 配合，适应We can tailor our design to meet your request. 我们能调整我们的设计以满足你的要求。have a great/strong impact on 对....有巨大影响Adapt to…修改或改变以适应新条件You should adapt yourself to the new environment. 2、在公开演讲和日常交谈之间有许多类似的东西。演说的三个主要目的是：传达、说服、吸引，这些也是日常交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中，你已经不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有条理地组织你的观点，你根据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这些是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。 　 similarity＝类似；between…and…＝在…和…之间； daily＝日常的； conversation＝交谈； major＝主要的；goal＝目的； inform＝传达；persuade＝说服；entertain＝吸引；also＝也；conversation＝交谈；without＝没有； thinking about＝考虑；employ＝使用；wide＝宽的 ；range＝范围； skill＝技巧；organize＝组织；logically＝逻辑；tailor＝修改； message＝信息；audience＝听众；maximum＝最大限度；impact＝效果；adapt to＝适应；feedback＝反馈；listener＝听众；important＝重要；need for＝需要….. ?There are=这是三大英语基本句型之【谓＋主＋状】的旗帜性象征【谓】部分；如本段中的There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation，一看到句子开头的There are，就应该想到这是英语基本句型【谓＋主＋状】通常用于表达某地存在某物 （人） ?The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation.这句话是三大英语基本句型之【主+系动词+表】，are是旗帜性象征【系】部分，这句话的【主】语部分是The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain； 【表】语部分the three major goals of everyday conversation；also是【状】语部分表示程度。一看到句子中的are，就应该想到这是英语基本句型【主+系动词+表】 3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires more detailed preparation than dose （应为does）ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language. Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerism and verbal habits. Impose… on…把....强加给; 强派The UN is going to impose a peace settlement on some Middle East countries.联合国要在一些中东国家强制推行和平解决impose a tax on imports 征收进口税Require 需要， 要求 request v. 请求 react to＝ 对…反应…to…调整；调节；使适合；使适应adapt“使适应，使适合”，指修改或改变以适应新环境。adapt to sth. adjust“调整，对准”，指稍作调整以完全符合或适应adjust to sth.，语气比adapt弱。表“调节，调整” adjust sth. W致力于…distract: v. （常与from连用）使…注意力转移；使分心The noise in the street distracted me from my reading. 3、当然，公开演说不同于交谈。首先，公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制，故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备。其次，公开演说需要使用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三，公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对大量的观众，力求避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作，力求避免习惯性口头语。 of course＝ 当然；public speaking＝公共演讲；different from＝不同于…. conversation＝交谈；highly＝高地；structure＝结构；more …than….＝比…更…；impose＝强加；strict＝严格；time limitation＝时间限制；require＝需要；detailed＝细致；preparation ＝准备；ordinary＝普通；speechmaking＝演讲；formal＝正式； language＝语言；listener＝听众； react to＝ 对…反应；negatively＝消极；loaded with＝装载某物； slang＝俚语；jargon＝行话； grammar＝语法；demand＝需要；method＝办法；delivery＝说话方式.；effective＝有效的； adjust to＝适应…；audience＝听众；work at＝致力于…；avoid＝避免；distract＝转移； mannerism＝特殊习惯；verbal habit＝习惯性口头语，verbal口头的 Public speaking demands a different method of delivery. 这句话是三大英语基本句型之【主+谓+宾+状】demands是旗帜性象征【谓】部分。一看到句子中的demands，就应该想到这是英语基本句型【主+谓+宾+状】 4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers are nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage fright if you think positively, choose speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicating with your audience. Like many students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities. stage fright＝怯场This project is based on theory rather than experiment.这个项目是基于理论而不是实验。a big step toward＝进一大步communicating with 与。。交流，沟通 4、在任何一个演讲教室里，学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台。事实上，最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会，让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你。如果你能这样积极地考虑，你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步：选择你真正关心的演讲主题，充分地准备，集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同过去的许多同学一样，你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心。 major＝主要； concern＝关心；speech＝演讲；stage fright＝怯场；Actually＝事实上；successful＝成功的；speaker＝演说家；nervous＝紧张的； opportunity ＝机会；confidence＝信心； nervousness ＝神经过敏；work for＝为...工作；rather than＝胜于； against＝阻碍；take＝获得； a big step toward＝进一大步；overcome＝克服； positively＝积极地, choose＝选择；topic＝话题； care about＝担心；prepare＝准备； thoroughly＝十分地；concentrate on＝集中；communicating with ＝通话；audience＝听众； abilities＝能力. 5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates a speech transaction. Whatever the speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs. The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication. as a whole＝总体上The Olympic game was initiated by Greek. 奥林匹克运动会是由希腊人发起的。 transaction n. 事务，业务，交易妨碍; 阻碍; 阻抗; 阻止相互作用结果; 成果; 后果The outcome was not what he expected. 5、语言交流的过程，整体而言包括七个要素：演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息，它必经某种特定沟通途径传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息，并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍信息沟通的任何事物，而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用决定任何情况下演说交流的效果。 speech communication＝语言交流；process＝过程；as a whole＝总体上；include＝包括；element＝要素；speaker＝演讲者；message＝信息；channel＝沟（沟通途径）；listener＝听众；feedback＝反馈；interference＝干扰；situation＝现场情形； person＝人； initiate＝ 发起；transaction＝事件；whatever＝无论什么；communicate＝沟通sent＝send的过去时，传递； by means of＝依靠； receive＝接收； provide ….to …＝提供…给…；impede＝阻止； place ＝地点；occur＝发生；interaction＝相互作用； element＝要素； determine＝决定 outcome＝结果； instance＝实例 ?我们来看看本段中的the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs句子的演变. A：The situation is the time and place现场形态是指时间和地点 B：Speech communication occurs in the time and place演说发生的那个时间和地点 两个句子的相同部分是the time and place把B中的相同部分用which代替 C：The situation is the time and place D：Speech communication occurs ?in which 因为D中的which不在句首因此要【移位】到句首，因原來的 in? the time and place 是「一起」用来表示 Speech communication occurs「动作发生的场所」，故要「一起移位」： E：The situation is the time and place F：in which Speech communication occurs 而后再将第F句，放在 E句「相同部分」的后面 G：The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs 由上面的例句变化过程，即可容易地了解，which前加了in/on/at 的用法，实际上就是在尚未合并前，在相同部分前已有这些「介词」之故，而通过合并句子所造出来了G句。 6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects, by being honest in what they say, by using sound evidence, and by employing valid reasoning. All rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities. 一切权力都有相应的要承担的义务。be well informed about sth. 精通某事; 对某事消息灵通有充分根据的; 证据确凿的valid 指“(理由、论证等)有充分根据的”, 如: Illness is a valid excuse for being absent from work. 生病是不去上班的正当理由。sound 指“在事实上、逻辑上有充分根据因而无可非议的”, 如: a sound argument 理由充足的论据Reasoning 推理[论](的方法), 讲理论证; 论据 sound reasoning 正确的推论 6、因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着很重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的论据、以及通过正确的评论做这件事。 form＝形式； carry＝承载 ；ethical＝道德 ；responsibility＝责任； sound＝声音； mean＝方式 ；achieve＝达到；sound＝健康；do… by….＝通过…对待…，by＝通过；sound ＝可靠；evidence＝证据；valid＝正确的；reasoning＝推理. 作者这句话中使用了三个sound，分别表达了三个意思“声音、健康、可靠”，由此我们可以看出英语的一词多义。 They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say, by using sound evidence, and by employing valid reasoning.这句话中的四个by地位是平等的，都伴随句中谓语do产生。 同时因为by是介词，介词后面一般跟名词，所以这四个by后的动词结构都是以动名词出现的being、being 、using、employing。 22、The?Province?of?Alberta（阿尔伯达省） 1. Alberta is located in the western part of Canada and is the westernmost among the Prairie Provinces. To its west is British Columbia while to its east is Saskatchewan. Its south borders on the U.S. state of Montana while its north borders on the Northwest Territories. Alberta is a most popular place for people to go to on their vacations because of its beautiful scenery. The Canadian Rockies running through it have earned for it the proud name of Fifty Switzerland in One. ●locate v. 找到/确定…位置 be located (in/at/near…) 位于… Their factory is located at the foot of the mountain. ●to：位于（某物的）某一方向 ●border n. 边(界, 缘, 境); 界线V. 作为…的边界， ●because of 区别 because ●run through 贯穿 Run through your notes before class.上课前把笔记复习一下。 赢得, 博得(名声)His honesty earned the admiration of his friends. 1、阿尔伯达省位于加拿大的西部，也是草原诸省中最西部的一个省份。它的西边是不列颠哥伦比亚省，东部是萨斯喀彻温省，它的南部与美国的蒙大拿州接壤，而北部则与西北地区相连。由于阿尔伯达省风景优美，人们都很喜欢去那里度假。纵贯全境的加拿大落矶山脉为它赢得了“集50个瑞士于一省”的美名。 province?of?Alberta=阿尔伯达省，province省；?locate＝位于；western＝西部；?part?of?＝….部分；Canada＝加拿大；westernmost＝最西部；?among＝….之中；?the?Prairie?Provinces＝草原诸省，prairie大草原；west＝西方；British?Columbia＝不列颠哥伦比亚省；?while＝而；east?＝东方；Saskatchewan?＝萨斯喀彻温省；south＝南方；the?U.S.?state?of?Montana?＝美国的蒙大拿州；border?on＝接壤；north?＝北方；the?Northwest?Territories＝西北地区，territory领土；popular＝受欢迎的；place＝地方；go?to＝去…..；on?vacation＝度假中；because?of＝因为；beautiful＝优美；scenery＝风景；The?Canadian?Rockies＝加拿大落矶山脉；?run?through＝?贯穿；?earn＝挣得；?proud＝自豪的；?fifty＝五十；?Switzerland＝瑞士；in?one＝成为一体 To?its?west?is?British?Columbia?while?to?its?east?is?Saskatchewan.?这句话中应用了倒装，原为British?Columbia?is??to?Its?west?，while?Saskatchewan?is?to?Its?east；表语to?Its?west?和系动词is倒装在了主语British?Columbia前面，表语to?Its?east和系动词is倒装在了主语Saskatchewan前面? 这句话中的两个to?应该是关键词。 2. With an area of approximately 255,212 square miles, equivalent to 661,000 square kilometers, it is the fourth largest province in Canada. Although it has a population of only 3.26 million, about one fifth of the population of Shanghai, it ranks also 4th in population among Canadian provinces. The province was named after Princess Louis Caroline Alberta, a daughter of Queen Victoria of England. It became a province of Canada in 1905. ●approximate：v.接近，近似 adj. 大概的，近似的 ●equivalent：adj.相等的, 相当的, 相同的 be equivalent to 相等[当]于..., 等(同)于, 与... 等效Yangtze River is the third longest river in the world. ●rank: v. 分类；分等级This town ranks high among beauty spots. ●be named after 以…命名 2、该省面积约为255212平方英里，相当于661000平方公里，是加拿大第四大省。虽然它的人口只有326万，仅及上海人口的约五分之一，但在加拿大诸省中它的人口数也居第四位。阿尔伯达省是以英国维多利亚女皇的一个女儿路易斯·卡洛琳·阿尔伯达公主的名字命名的。它于1905年成为加拿大的一个省份。 with＝有；area＝面积；approximately＝大约；square?mile＝平方英里；equivalent?to＝等于；square?kilometer＝平方公里；fourth＝第4；largest＝大的large的最高级；province＝省；although?＝虽然；population＝?人口；million＝百万；one?fifth＝五分之一?；rank＝?列为；4th＝第四；named?after?＝按…命名；?Princess?Louis?Caroline?Alberta＝路易斯·卡洛琳·阿尔伯达公主；daughter?of?Queen?Victoria?of?England.＝英国维多利亚女皇的一个女儿；became＝?成为 3. The people of Alberta originally came from many different countries. More than half of the Albertans came from Britain. Others came from Austria, Russia and the Scandinavian countries. As only a small number were French Canadians, who migrated to Alberta from the eastern part of Canada, the major language spoken in the province is English, with the exception of a few bilingual towns north of Edmonton. Although there are only a limited number of Indians living on reservations now, two hundred years ago they were the only inhabitants in what is now called Alberta. ●originally adv. 最初，开始 I live here now, but I wonder who lived here originally? ●migrate： v. 迁移; 移居候鸟的)定期移栖People often migrate to another country to find work. Some birds migrate to warmer countries in winter. ●with the exception of 除...以外[美]保留地; 居留地备用, 储备 (旅馆房间、剧院座位等的)预定I accept your statement without reservation. If you want to go to the concert, youll have to make a reservation, or there will be no tickets. 3、阿尔伯达省的人民最初来自很多不同的国家。其中一半以上来自英国，另一些人来自奥地利、俄国和斯堪地那维亚国家。由于只有少数从加拿大东部迁来的法裔加拿大人，因此除了在埃德蒙顿北部有几个双语种小镇之外，该省所使用的主要语言是英语。现在，虽然只有人数有限的印第安人居住在保留地上，但是在两百多年前，他们是居住于现在称之为阿尔伯达省的唯一居民。 Originally＝最初；?came?from?＝来自；?different＝不同的；?country＝国家；?More?than?half＝一半以?上；?Britain＝英国；?Austria＝奥地利?；Russia＝俄国；?Scandinavian＝斯堪的纳维亚人；?number＝?数量；French?Canadian＝法裔加拿大人migrate＝?迁移；eastern＝东部；part?of＝部分；major＝主要的；language?＝语言；spoken＝speak的过去分词；?province＝省；with＝有；exception?＝除外；a?few?＝很少；bilingual＝能说两种语言的；town＝城镇；?north＝北方；?Edmonton＝埃德蒙顿；?although＝虽然；?a?limited?number?of＝数量有限的?；Indian＝印地安人；?live＝居住?reservation＝保留；two?hundred?years?ago＝两百多年前；inhabitant＝居民；what?is?called＝所谓? 4. The first settlers of Alberta were cattle ranchers. Even now, raising cattle is still one of the leading branches of economy. But at present many more Albertans are farmers, who raise millions of tons of wheat, oats and barley, the （应该是they）also plant sugar beets and potatoes in the southern part of the province. In the northern part, like the Indians who lived there before them, the hunters trap such fur-bearing animals as squirrels, beavers and foxes. Alberta is also rich in forest resources, coal and oil. It is one of the main timber producing provinces in Canada. Owing to its rich deposit in oil, petroleum industry has become one of the most important industries of the province, with many oil fields and refineries. Alberta also produces more coal than any other province. ●leading： adj. 最重要的；主要的i.设圈套, 设陷阱 vt.诱捕, 诱骗, 计捉, 设陷, … Our country is rich in mineral resource. ●owing to: 由于， Owing to unfavorable weather we were unable to proceed. ●refinery： n. 精炼[制]厂; 提炼厂; 炼油[糖]厂时间的)流逝, 间隔, 推移 诉诸, 采取(某种手段等) 度假胜地 a health resort休养胜地resort to all kinds of methods 采取一切办法 、The Strenuous Life（勤奋的生活） Strenuous=艰辛发奋的characterized by or performed with much energy or force 　　Gentlemen, 　　先生们： 1. In speaking to you, men of the greatest city of the West, men of the State which gave to the country Lincoln and Grant, men who preeminently and distinctly embody all that is most American in the American character, I wish to preach not the doctrine of ignoble ease but the doctrine of the strenuous life; the life of toil and effort; of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes not to the man who desires mere easy peace but to the man who does not shrink from danger, from hardship, of（应该是or） from bitter toil, and who out of these wins the splendid ultimate triumph. Preeminently adv. 卓越地；杰出地Distinctly adv. 清楚地, 显然Embody v. 包括, 包含, 收录, 概括使具体化, 使形象化, 体现 To me he embodies all the best quality of a teacher在我看来，他本身体现了教师应有的一切优秀品质Wish to 愿意，想要 Preach v. 讲道, 说教谆谆劝诫preach to sb. 对某人谆谆告诫 D教旨；教义；学说Ignoble adj. 不光彩的, 不名誉的Not..but…不是…而是… I stopped not to chat with him, but to blame him. 我停下来不是跟他聊天，而是要责备他。 Toil n./v. 劳苦, 艰苦地工作；辛劳Strife n. 努力奋斗Shrink v. 缩水， 畏缩，退缩 draw back, as with fear or pain A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers. ultimate triumph 最终的胜利 1、在向你们——西部最大城市的公民，为国家培育了林肯和格兰特的国家的公民，最能体现美国精神的公民—讲话时，我想谈的不是贪图安逸的人生哲学，而是要向你们宣讲勤奋生活论——即过勤奋苦干的生活，过忙碌奋斗的生活。我想说，成功的最高境界不属于满足安逸的人们，而是属于那些在艰难险阻面前从不畏惧终获辉煌的人们。 speak to=向---讲话；speaking=讲话的； greatest=最好的；city=城市 ；west=西部； state=国家； gave=give的过去式 ；country=国家 ；Lincoln=林肯 ；Grant=格兰特； preeminently=卓越的 ；distinctly=清楚地；embody=具体表达； all that=所有； most=大部分；American=美国人； character=特征；wish to =愿望；preach=宣讲；not ...but...＝ 不是...而是…；doctrine=学说； ignoble=不光彩的；ease=安逸；toil=苦干；effort= 努力；labor= 劳动；strife=奋斗； highest=[high 的最高级]最高的； form=形状 ；success=成功 ；desires=想望 ；mere= 只想；easy= peace= 安静；shrink from…. ＝回避，shrink退缩 ；danger= 危险；hardship= 艰难；bitter= 艰苦；out of ＝相当于这句话中的from，属于；win= 赢得；splendid= 辉煌；ultimate=最后的 ；triumph=胜利 In speaking to you, men of the greatest city of the West, men of the State which gave to the country Lincoln and Grant, men…..这句话中的三个men都是说明In speaking to you中的you，你们是怎样的人，其中most American可以翻译成“真正的美国人” State大写时表示美国 2. The timid man, the lazy man, the man who distrusts his country, the overcivilized man, who has lost the great fighting, masterful virtues, the ignorant man and the man of dull mind, whose soul is incapable of feeling the mighty lift that thrills stern men with empires in their brains—//all these, of course, shrink from seeing the nation undertake its new duties; shrink from seeing us build a navy and army adequate to our needs; shrink from seeing us do our share of the worlds work by bringing order out of chaos in the great, fair tropic islands from which the valor of our soldiers and sailors has driven the Spanish flag. //These are the men who fear the strenuous life, who fear the only national life which is really worth leading. They believe in that cloistered life which saps the hardy virtues in a nation, as it saps them in the individual; or else they are wedded to that base spirit of gain and greed which recognizes in commercialism the be-all and end-all of national life, instead of realizing that, though an indispensable element, it is after all but one of the many elements that go to make up true national greatness.// Masterful adj. able to control people or situation in a way that shows confidence 有驾驭能力的 Ignorant：无知使激动；使adequate adj. 充足的，足够 He has money adequate to support his family.他有足够钱供家用。bring order out of chaos 平静混乱，恢复秩序 valor n. 勇猛；英勇I want to lead a meaningful life. 我想过一个有意义的生活。 cloistered life＝隐居生活 隐居；与世隔绝使逐渐消耗腐蚀； hardy virtue＝吃苦耐劳的品德or else＝或者说(be) wedded to sth. 专心致力于某事；固守[坚持]某事be-all and end-all ＝根本 No country can long endure if its foundations are not laid deep in the material prosperity which comes from hard unsparing effort in the fields of industrial activity; but neither was any nation ever yet truly great if it relied upon material prosperity alone.// All honor must be paid to the architects of our material prosperity; to the great captains of industry who have built our factories and our railroads; to the strong men who toil for wealth with brain or hand; for great is the debt of the nation to these and their kind. But our debt is yet greater to the men whose highest type is to be found in a statesman like Lincoln, a soldier like Grant. They showed by their lives that they recognized the law of work, the law of strife; they toiled to win a competence for themselves and those dependent upon them; but they recognized that there were yet other and even loftier duties—duties to the nation and duties to the race. be laid deep in 深深植根于 lay放，置 hard unsparing effort＝艰苦不懈的努力，unsparing不吝惜的be unsparing in ones efforts不遗余力—paid—paid 给予 architect 建筑师， 创制者captain 首领, 队长, 指挥者, 领队者, 魁首, 头子for great is the debt (欠账) of the nation to these and their kind.=for the debt of the nation is great to these and their kind. highest type＝最佳楷模能力；胜任高尚的, 崇高的　　2、凡怯懦、懒惰、不相信祖国的人，谨小慎微丧失坚强斗志的“文明过头”的人、混沌无知的人、思想僵化的人、不能像刚毅有抱负的人那样被鼓舞振奋的人——总之，当看到国家有新的责任要承担，当看到祖国正在建立足以满足需要的海陆军，当看到英勇的士兵和水手在美丽的热带岛屿上驱逐西班牙势力，承担起应尽的世界责任，恢复当地秩序——当看到这一切时，所有这些人都退缩了。就是这样一些人，他们害怕过勤奋的生活，害怕过真正值得过的国民的生活。他们相信与世隔绝的生活，任由这种生活在侵蚀他们个人吃苦耐劳品德的同时，也侵蚀了一个民族的吃苦耐劳精神。若不然，他们就沉迷于惟利是图、贪得无厌的卑污泥潭而不能自拔，认为国家应一切以商业利益为根本。但他们却不明白，商业利益固然是不可或缺的因素，然而毕竟只是造就真正伟大国家的许多因素之一。诚然，如果一个国家不是深深扎根于其工业活动领域的艰苦努力所带来的繁荣的物质基础之中，那么这个国家也不可能长久地生存下去。但是，如果仅仅依赖于物质财富，任何国家也永远不会成为真正伟大的国家。我们应该向那些创造了物质财富的人们致敬，向那些创建了工厂和铁路的实业巨头们致敬，向那些用勤劳和智慧换取财富的强者们致敬；国家很感激他们以及和他们一样的人。但是，我们更感激另外一些人，他们的最佳楷模就是林肯那样的政治家和格兰特那样的军人。他们的生活轨迹表明，他们清楚工作和斗争的法则，他们含辛茹苦，使自己和依赖他们生活的人们过上了富足的生活，而且他们懂得还有更崇高的责任—对国家和民族的责任。 　　timid＝怯懦的；lazy＝懒惰的；distrust＝不信任；overcivilized＝“文明过头”， civilized＝文明的；lost＝lose的过去分词，失去；great ＝伟大；fighting＝斗志； masterful＝主人翁； virtue＝品德； ignorant＝无知；dull mind＝思想僵化，dull迟钝的, mind 头脑；soul＝灵魂；be incapable of＝不能作某事； mighty＝强大的； lift＝鼓舞； thrill＝兴奋；stern＝坚强 ；with ＝用；empire＝帝国；brain＝头脑；all these＝这里指所有这些人；of course＝当然；shrink from ＝回避；undertake＝承担；duty＝责任; shrink from＝回避；navy ＝海军；army＝陆军；adequate to＝足以；shrink from ＝回避；see…do…＝看见…做…；share＝部分；by＝通过；bring order out of chaos ＝恢复秩序，order 秩序，chaos混乱；in the great, fair＝美丽的；tropic＝热带的；island＝岛屿；valor＝勇敢；soldier＝士兵；sailor＝水手；drive from＝驱赶，driven ＝drive的过去分词；Spanish ＝西班牙；flag＝国旗；fear＝害怕； strenuous life＝勤奋生活；really ＝真正地；worth＝价值 ；leading＝主要的；believe in＝信奉；cloistered life＝隐居生活；sap＝削弱；hardy virtue＝吃苦耐劳的品德；nation＝民族；as＝正如；individual＝个人; or else＝或者说；are wed to＝沉迷于，wed嫁；base ＝基本；spirit＝精神 ；gain＝所取；greed＝贪婪；recognize＝认为；commercialism＝商业主义； be-all and end-all ＝根本；instead of ＝而不是；realizing认识到；though＝虽然；indispensable＝不可缺少的；element＝充分, after all＝毕竟；go to ＝去；make up 构成； greatness＝伟大精神. endure＝存在；foundations＝基础；lay in＝在什么基础之上，laid是lay的过去分词；放置；deep＝深＝material ＝物质；prosperity＝繁荣；come from ＝来自；hard unsparing effort＝艰苦不懈的努力，unsparing不吝惜的； in the field＝在…方面；industrial＝工业的； activity＝活动; neither ＝也不truly＝真正；rely upon＝依靠；honor＝荣誉；paid ＝pay的过去时，给予；architect＝缔造者；material prosperity＝物质繁荣; great captains of industry ＝工业巨头，captain首领； build＝建设； factory＝工厂； railroad＝铁路; strong＝坚强；toil＝苦干； wealth ＝财富； brain or hand＝智慧和双手; for ＝因为；debt＝欠账；their kind＝他们那样的. highest type＝最佳楷模； be found ＝被找到，found是finfd的过去分词；statesman＝政治家；….like….＝…像..；show＝表现；recogniz＝承认 the law of work＝工作的法则； the law of strife＝奋斗的法则； competence＝财富 ；dependent upon＝依靠；lofty＝高尚；duty＝责任；race＝民族. ?the valor of our soldiers and sailors has driven from the great, fair tropic islands the Spanish flag 英勇的士兵和水手从伟大的、美丽的热带岛屿上驱赶了西班牙人。 用which是代替the great, fair tropic islands the valor of our soldiers and sailors has driven from which the Spanish flag，将from which放到句首， 句子就变成本段中的“from which the valor of our soldiers and sailors has driven the Spanish flag ” ?be-all and end-all，所有这些单词组合起来是一个名词，“根本”。 ?neither was any nation ever yet truly great if it relied upon material prosperity alone. neither否定意义句首，句子要倒装， was倒装了 ?great is the debt of the nation to these and their kind. great is倒装了，其强调作用， 正常语序the debt of the nation is great to these and their kind国家欠他们以及和他们一样的人很多 3. I preach to you, then, my countrymen, that our country calls not for the life of ease, but for the life of strenuous endeavor. The twentieth century looms before us big with the fate of many nations. //If we stand idly by, if we seek merely swollen, slothful ease, and ignoble peace, if we shrink from the hard contests where men must win at hazard of their lives and at the risk of all they hold dear, then the bolder and stronger peoples will pass us by and will win for themselves the domination of the world. Let us therefore boldly face the life of strife, resolute to do our duty well and manfully; resolute to uphold righteousness by deed and by word; resolute to be both honest and brave, to serve high ideals, yet to use practical methods. //Above all, let us shrink from no strife, moral or physical, within or without the nation, provided we are certain that the strife is justified; for it is only through strife, through hard and dangerous endeavor, that we shall ultimately win the goal of true national greatness. Call for 要求，号召 endeavor n.努力，尽力 (危险、忧虑等)逼近loom …big＝…赫然出现A hard struggle looms ahead. idly懒惰地, 空闲地swollen: adj. 自负；slothful ease＝安逸，slothful懒惰…的危险 bold---boldly 勇敢的（地） resolute adj. 坚决的 manfully＝果断支持；维护righteousness＝正义Above all＝最重要的证明...有道理—injustice非正义 　　3、所以同胞们，我要讲的是，我们的国家要求我们不能好逸恶劳，而只能过刻苦勤奋的生活。迫在眉睫的20世纪将决定许多国家的命运。假如我们只是一味地袖手旁观、贪图享乐、苟且偷安，假如我们面临激烈的竞争考验时不是冒着牺牲个人生命和失去亲人的危险去赢得胜利，而是落荒而逃的话，那么，更勇敢坚强的民族就会超越我们，得以统领世界。因此，让我们勇敢地面对充满斗争考验的生活，下定决心卓越而果断地履行我们的职责；下定决心无论在语言还是行动上都坚持正义；下定决心诚实勇敢地以切实可行的方法为崇高的理想服务。最重要的是，无论是精神还是物质的斗争，无论是国内还是国外的斗争，只要我们确定正义在手，我们就绝不能逃避退缩。因为只有通过斗争，通过艰苦和充满危险的努力，我们才能最终达到目标—成为真正伟大的国家。 preach=讲；countrymen＝同胞,；call for＝不要求；not ...but...＝ 不是...而是…；strenuous＝勤奋；endeavor＝努力；the twentieth century＝二十世纪；loom …big＝…赫然出现，loom迫近；with＝带来；fate ＝命运；stand by＝旁观；idly ＝无所事事； seek＝寻找； merely＝仅仅；swollen＝自负；slothful ease＝安逸，slothful懒惰； ignoble＝不光彩；peace＝安宁, if shrink from＝回避；contest＝竞争； at hazard of＝冒…险；lives＝life的复数，生命； at the risk of＝冒...之危险；all they hold dear＝他们拥有的一切亲人, hold拥有；then＝那么； bolder＝勇敢人；stronger＝坚强的人；people＝民族； pass .. by ＝超越…谁；domination＝统治； therefore＝因此；boldly＝勇敢地；face＝面对； strife＝奋斗, resolute ＝坚决的；duty ＝责任；manfully＝果断的; uphold＝支持；righteousness＝正义； deed＝行为； honest ＝诚实； brave＝勇敢；serve＝服务；high ideal＝崇高理想；practical＝实际的；method＝方法. Above all＝最重要的；shrink from no＝不回避； strife＝奋斗； moral ＝精神的；physical＝物质的, within or without the nation＝国内国外； provided ＝假如；certain ＝确信；strife＝奋斗justified＝正当；through ＝通过； hard and dangerous endeavor＝艰苦危险的努力，dangerous危险；ultimately＝最终；goal＝目标；greatness＝伟大. ? 英语的词通常分为以下十大类： 名词:?America?=美国，表示….的名称； 动词:?do＝做，表示动作； 代词:this＝这个，用来代替名词； 数词:one＝一，表示数量； 形容词:good＝好的；用以修饰名词; 副词:very＝很，用以修饰动词； 冠词:a，an，the，用在名词前；还有零冠词（^_^，是指名词不用冠词的时候）??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 介词:of，表示前后名词的关系； 连词:and＝和，[连接并列的词，短语，句子]，连词还有：?when，while，if?though，after,?before,?as. 感叹词:Oh表示口气; ?词类相互间的关系大致可分为四种： (1)?形容词、数词和代词修饰名词：Strenuous?Life奋斗的生活，The?twentieth?century20世纪，his?country他的国家 (2)?????副词一般修饰动词、形容词和其它副词：study?hard艰苦学习 (3)?冠词只修饰名词：A?knife?is?a?tool?for?cutting?with.?刀是切割的工具.（a是冠词不是数词，这里经过a修饰knife，一起表达【刀】类，?a?修饰tool，一起表达【工具】类） (4)?????介词只用在名词、代词前：the?city?of?the?West.西部的城市，West是名词； 这一条很重要，我们反复强调过，如果介词后面出现了动词，动词一定要＋ing使自己名词化，它才能跟在介词的后面。….instead?of?realizing…意为：而不是认识到，在其中的realizing就是动词realize的动名词。 字典上各词类的缩写形式 名词--?n.?动词--?v.代词--pron.数词--?num.?形容词--?adj.?副词--?adv.?冠词--?art.介词--?prep.连词--?conj. 感叹词--?int. ?零冠词的用法? ??1）?国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。 　2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如： 　　?They?are?teachers.?他们是教师。 　3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如： 　　?Failure?is?the?mother?of?success.　失败乃成功之母。 　4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如： 　　?Man?cannot?live?without?water.　离开水人就无法生存。 　5）在季节、月份、节日、?假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如： 　???We?go?to?school?from?Monday?to?Friday.　?我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 　6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如： 　???The?guards?took?the?American?to?General?Lee.?士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 　7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have?breakfast，play?chess。? 　8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如： 　　?I?cant?write?without?pen?or?pencil.　没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。 　9）当by?与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by?bus，by?train。? 　10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court?等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如： 　　　?go?to?hospital　　??去医院看病 　　　?go?to?the?hospital　?去医院?（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的） 　11）不用冠词的序数词； 　??a.?序数词前有物主代词时。? 　??b.?序数词作副词。例如：He?came?first?in?the?race.?他跑步得了第一。 　??c.?在固定词组中，如at（the）first,?first?of?all,?from?first?to?last等。 、When The Earth Quakes（地震时刻） 1. On the night of August 17, 1959, at about 20 minutes before midnight, the ground in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park began shaking violently. At the time there was a rumbling sound, something like a huge truck would make. Both the heaving of the ground and the noise were very frightening but lasted not quite 45 seconds. ●On the night of August 17, 1959特指某天的某个时候用介词on ●vicinity: n. 附近（地区） in the vicinity of: 在…的附近；大约 in the vicinity of the school He is in the vicinity of fifty. ●violently adv.猛烈地, 激烈地, 极端地rumbling: n. 隆隆声举起I heaved the heavy box up the steps. ●fright: n. frighten: v. frightened: adj. 受惊的；恐惧的1、1959年8月17日的晚上，大约午夜前20分钟，黄石国家公园附近大地开始猛烈摇动。同时，大地发出如同重型卡车发出的轰响。大地的升降和啸叫都令人非常害怕，但是一切不超过45秒。 night＝晚；August＝八月；about ＝大约；minute分钟；midnight＝午夜；ground＝大地 in the vicinity of ＝在附近；Yellowstone National Park＝黄石国家公园，Yellowstone＝黄石色，National国家，Park公园；shake＝摇动；violently＝猛烈地； At the time＝当时； rumbling＝隆隆声；something like＝有几分象...的；huge＝巨大的；truck ＝卡车；make＝制造； heave＝升降；noise＝啸叫；frightening＝令人恐惧的；last＝持续；quite ＝相当；second＝秒. 2. What was even more frightening was the sound of huge boulders which began rolling down the steep mountain. In one part of the upper reaches of the Madison River, a whole mountain began shifting, then came crashing down to fill the deep valley and dam the great river with millions of tons rock and trees. ●steep: adj. 陡峭的 ●the upper reaches of …: … 的上游 ●crash: v./n. 突然轰击；猛使破裂…添满… ●dam: v. 筑水坝拦截to dam (up) a river 拦河筑坝The river has been dammed up. 河水被水坝截住了。2、更令人害怕的是巨石开始从陡峭的山上滚下来的声音。在麦迪生河上游的一条支流处，一整座山开始移动，之后，它崩塌下来填满深深的山谷，上百万吨岩石和大树如坝般阻挡住大河。 frightening＝令人恐惧的； huge＝巨大的；boulder＝大石头； roll＝滚动；steep＝陡峭； mountain＝山；part of＝部分；upper reaches＝上游河段；Madison River＝麦迪生河；shift＝移动；crash＝坠毁 ；fill＝填满；deep＝深；valley＝山谷；dam＝坝一般堵住；with＝用；millions＝数百万；ton＝顿；rock＝岩石；tree＝树. What was even more frightening――what引导的主语从句，作为此后整句的主语 3. A dozen or more campers along the river were buried deep beneath the great landslide. Others were able to climb to safety, some of them badly hurt, but were trapped by the slide. Finally these people were saved, many of them by helicopter. ●landslide: n. [地]山崩, 崩塌的泥石 诱捕, 诱骗, 设陷, 坑害, 使受限制十几个，或许更多沿河的露营者被深埋在大滑坡下。幸存的野营者开始爬向较安全的地方，其中一些人伤得很重，仍然不时陷入滑坡。最后这些人都获救了，其中多人得救于直升飞机。 dozen= 一打，十二个；camper＝露营者；along ＝沿着；bury＝埋葬；deep＝深；beneath ＝在...之下；landslide＝崩塌的泥石； be able to＝能 climb＝爬；safety＝安全；badly＝严重；hurt＝伤痛；trap＝圈套；slide＝滑动；finally＝最后；save＝解救；helicopter＝直升飞机 4. This earth